Based upon publicly available exploration plans, we estimated when polymetallic nodule mine sites are likely to start production, and consequently estimated likely metal production
Read MoreBoth the Clarion-Clipperton Zone and the Cook Islands EEZ contain polymetallic nodules that appear superficially similar. However, there are differences in composition between the two zones that critically impact project economics.
Read MoreLand mining and deep sea mining both have significant benefits and impacts. We compare both mining options across major impact categories.
Read MorePolymetallic sulphide deposits form at hydrothermal vent sites, and are rich sources of metals such as copper, zinc, gold and silver.
Read MorePolymetallic nodules are small spheroidal "rocks" that form over millions on years on the deep seabed. They consist of large amounts of precious metals, and present a compelling prospect for sea bed mining.
Read MoreCobalt-Rich Crusts are formed by metal minerals precipitating out of seawater to form crusts.
Read More