Science

Land mining and deep sea mining both have significant benefits and impacts. We compare both mining options across major impact categories.

Polymetallic sulphide deposits form at hydrothermal vent sites, and are rich sources of metals such as copper, zinc, gold and silver.

Polymetallic nodules are small spheroidal "rocks" that form over millions on years on the deep seabed. They consist of large amounts of precious metals, and present a compelling prospect for sea bed mining.

Cobalt-Rich Crusts are formed by metal minerals precipitating out of seawater to form crusts.