Economics

Based upon publicly available exploration plans, we estimated when polymetallic nodule mine sites are likely to start production, and consequently estimated likely metal production

Mine site valuation depends upon various geological and operational factors, and it fundamentally determines the value of a deep sea mining company. We explain how to evaluate a mine site via an interactive calculator

Land mining and deep sea mining both have significant benefits and impacts. We compare both mining options across major impact categories.

Copper is ubiquitous in modern society. The 'copper crunch' refers to a large projected gap between future copper demand and production. This threatens to impact modern life, unless other sources of copper are found and commercialised.