CCZ

21 different countries hold subsea mineral exploration licences via the International Seabed Authority. Here's the 9 most active (with a few surprises!)

The Clarion-Clipperton Zone is deep in the Pacific Ocean, and is particularly remote and distant from most ports and airports. This article considers how to effectively run operations and logistics in such a remote location.

Both the Clarion-Clipperton Zone and the Cook Islands EEZ contain polymetallic nodules that appear superficially similar. However, there are differences in composition between the two zones that critically impact project economics.

There is a long and interesting history of deep sea mining projects in the Clarion-Clipperton Zone; from the operations of the Kennecott Consortium in the 1970s, through to ongoing work by The Metals Company.

Despite the tremendous challenges of cold, pressure and lack of sunlight, the Clarion-Clipperton Zone supports surprising biodiversity.